Tuesday, July 19, 2016

VMWare WhiteBox - Desktop and ESXi Server all in One PC

I was recently on the market for a new Desktop, I wanted a powerfull machine but on a budget, and also had the ability of becoming as ESXi host (aka ESXi whitebox).

So I started looking at AMD CPUs because of the lower price, I had always heard that Intel was the way to go for vitualization, but I soon found out that the AMD CPUs where very virtualization friendly suporting even the most advanced features, tha are normally only found on Intel’s high end Desktop CPUs or server CPUs.

One of these advanced features is:

  • AMD-Vi - Directed Path I/O / IOMMU / Passthrough

that only found on Intel on non "k" series i5, i7 (high end Deskop), and xeon CPUs (server). On intel this features it’s called:

  • VT-d - Directed Path I/O / IOMMU / Passthrough

This feature allows you to pass real hardware (PCI hardware), like a grafics card to a VM, so you can have for example a VM using your GPU directly and being displayed on you monitor like it was a real Desktop.

So If you can pass to the VM the following real hardware to the VM:

  • USB Ports (Keyboard/Mouse)
  • Grafics Card
  • Sound Card

you have yourself a VM working as a Real Desktop, while having a ESXi host, where you can run aditional VMs.

To do this you also need a MOTHERBOARD that suports it, I thought this was going to be quite hard, but once again I found that this was well suported on many AMD motherboards like the ones based on the 970 chipset, which are really cheap mother boards.

Aditionally you also need a GRAFICS CARD that is supported on IOMMU, I found that AMD/ATI grafics cards are very easily suported even the really cheap ones (like mine AMD R5 230 or my older ATI 5540) as for NVIDIA only very high end cards support it:

    Cards that work
    AMD Radeon R9 280   
    AMD Radeon R7 250   
    AMD Radeon HD 7970   
    NVIDIA Quadro K2000
      Cards that don't work
      NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 Ti
      NVIDIA GeForce 660 Ti
      NVIDIA GeForce 560
      AMD Radeon R9 295x2

    You can find a list of hardware that suports IOMMU here:

    I found that gamers have been using this to make multiple gaming desktops out of only one computer with multiple grafics cards,as you can see at:

    Index

    • My Whitebox (for Passthrough / IOMMU)
    • Downloading ESXi and Getting the Free License Key
    • Making The ESXi Installer Flash Drive
    • BIOS - Configuring The BIOS for Virtualization and IOMMU (Passthrough)
    • ESXi – Instalation
    • ESXi - Configuring The ESXi Management Network (Static IP)
    • ESXi – Adding a Data Storage (aka VMs Storage Disk)
    • ESXi - Passthrough (IOMMU) Configuration
    • ESXi – HDs Passthrough (Mapping Physical HDs to Virtual)
    • Desktop VM - Installing Windows with Passthrough
    • Desktop VM - Adding Real HDDs (Virtual Representation)
    • Desktop VM - Configuring AutoStart
    • Desktop VM - Making The Desktop Hole Again
    • ESXi - Adding The Free ESXi License

     

    My Whitebox (for Passthrough / IOMMU)

    After some research I bougth the following:

    • 1x ASROCK 970A-G/3.1 SKT AM3+             
    • 1x AMD FX-8350 4.0 GHz Vishera 8-Core Black Edition
    • 1x ASUS RADEON R5 230 Silent 2GB GDDR3
    • 1x Intel 8492MT PRO/1000MT Dual Port Server (PCI)

    At the time I didn’t had confirmation that the my specific:

    • CPU
    • Motherboard
    • Grafics cards

    worked with IOMMU/Passthrough, but they worked perfectly.I found it amazing that all this hardware from less expensive/alternative brands all worked without a problem.

    The only thing that didn’t work on VMWare ESXi was the integrated NIC on my motherboard (Realtek Chipset), and you need a NIC that is supported on VMWare ESXi otherwise It will not install, so I bougth the:

    • Intel 8492MT PRO/1000MT Dual Port Server (PCI) – 14$ on ebay

    previously I used a desktop NIC that I already had:

    • Intel 8390MT PRO/1000MT Desktop Adapter (PCI) – 10$ on ebay

    this NIC gives a warning when instaling of ESXi about unsuported hardware but It let’s you install and it works perfectly (on VMware ESXi 6.0.0 Update2), but you should buy the first because it’s a server NIC and it will probably will be suported for more time on ESXi.

       

    Downloading ESXi and Getting the Free License Key

    In order to download the ESXi Hypervisor (aka vSphere), just go to:

    if you don’t have an account you have to register. After being registered, login:

    Screenshot 2016-06-13 09.59.41

    the ESXi you are going to download is the same as the paid version, the only diference is the license, we are going to use the free license wich is more limited.

    You can use ESXi without the license for 60 days, during this period you all the features on ESXi available to you.

    After the trial period you must enter a license, so you need to save this free license for later (or just come to this site again):

    Screenshot 2016-06-13 10.00.04_v2

    Download the most recent ESXi ISO installer image which the time I’m writing this post is vSphere 6.0.0 Update 2:

    Screenshot 2016-06-13 10.00.24

     

    Making The ESXi Installer Flash Drive

    Now that you have the image, you can either burn it on a CD (wich is very old school), or you can convert it to an USB PEN Drive wich is what I’m going to show here.

    Get Rufus, which is probably the simplest tool to make bootable USB Pen Drives from ISOs:

    Open it, select you USB Pen Drive, select “ISO Image” and then select the ESXi ISO, and press Start.

    Screenshot 2016-05-14 00.02.24_ENG

     

     

    BIOS - Configuring The BIOS for Virtualization and IOMMU

    (Passthrough)

    The BIOS config is specific to my motherboard (ASROCK 970A-G/3.1), but basically you just have to enable all the virtualization features you can find.

    In my mother board you have the specific option to enable IOMMU, but I have seen other motherboards that suport IOMMU where you don’t have the specific option, and you just enable the virtualization extensions.

    Enabling IOMMU (Directed Path I/O aka Passthrough)
    PHOTO_20160508_112010
    Enabling the Normal Virtualization Extensions
    PHOTO_20160508_112259

    Selecting the Boot Pen

    PHOTO_20160508_112543

    The Blue Flash Drive (Verbatin) is my ESXi installer (it’s the boot flash drive I made with Rufus), and the Yellow (Kingston) is where I’m going to install the ESXi (aka vSphere), but you can install it on a normal hard drive.

    I used a USB because ESXi wipes repartitions de disk where It is installed making it unusable for almost anything else while It only occupies 2-3 GB wich fits well in a Flash Drive.

    On usage is to use it as a Datastore, but that is not recommended, because when you install a new version it wipes the hole drive and when it upgrade It the is always the possibility off something going wrong.

    PHOTO_20160508_111406 - Cópia

     

     

    ESXi – Instalation

    Now that we have the boot pen selected as the first boot option, lets start installing VMWare ESXi (aka vSphere)

    VMware ESXi Installer Booting

    PHOTO_20160508_133310

    PHOTO_20160508_133335

    Selecting the Instalation Hard Drive

    Here you select where you want to install ESXi, in my case I’m going to install it on another USB Pen Drive (Yellow – Kingston), because ESXi will wipe you target disk (see repartition warning bellow).

    PHOTO_20160508_133747

    Starting the Instalation Process

    If you already had a previous ESXi on the target instalation disk you could Upgrade it.

    PHOTO_20160508_133844

    Selecting the Keyboard Layout

    PHOTO_20160508_133907

    Setting the root Password

    PHOTO_20160508_133927

    Warning – Your Disk Will Be Repartitioned

    This is a very important warning and it’s the main reason for me to install ESXi on a USB Pen Drive. What is going to happen is that you disk will repartitioned, which will make you loose all the data that where on the previous partitions.

    PHOTO_20160508_134009

    Installing ESXi…

    PHOTO_20160508_134031

    Instalation Done

    PHOTO_20160508_134832

    Reboot to Boot the Installed VMWare ESXi

    Here is where I remove the instalallation Pen Drive (Blue – Verbatin), and leave the target Pen Drive (Yellow – Kingston), in order to boot from my second boot option (Yellow – Kingston).

    You can always go to your BIOS and select the disk where you installed VMWare ESXi, as the first boot option.

    PHOTO_20160508_134850

    The Newly Installed ESXi Booting

    This looks a lot like the instalation process boot.

    In my case this is my Yellow Pen Drive Booting (Kingston)

    PHOTO_20160508_135025

    Boot Done

    At this stage the boot is done and VMWare ESXi, as gained it’s network configuration via DHCP, and you can already access it, the link is the one shown on the image, in my case:

    • http//192.168.1.5

    In the next step we are going to make the network config static so it doesn’t change over time.

    PHOTO_20160508_135143

     

    ESXi - Configuring The ESXi Management Network (Static IP)

    You can leave you network config via DHCP but each time you reboot you migth get a different IP, wich will prevent you from accessing your ESXi server (aka ESXi host)

    Management IP Configuration via DHCP (default)

    PHOTO_20160508_135143

    Let’s Access the Management Network IP Configuration

    PHOTO_20160521_004928

    PHOTO_20160521_004949

    Let’s Change it to Static

    PHOTO_20160521_005003

    PHOTO_20160521_005014

    Let’s Define the Static Management IP

    It assumes taht the static IP is the same IP that it got via DHCP but you can change It, and you probably should, for now I’m mantaining the same IP.

    PHOTO_20160521_005025

    PHOTO_20160521_005053

     

     

    ESXi – Adding a Data Storage (aka VMs Storage Disk)

    Now let’s start using ESXi, for that you just input your ESXi Host IP on a browser, and you will see the following page:

     Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.39.18

    Up until know we only had the vSphere Client for Windows, now you also use a webpage (VMWare Host Client), that looks like this:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.40.11

    all the new feature are being implement in this webpage, which I found to be super intuitive, but because it’s only available in recent updates of versions 5.5 and 6.0, I’m going to use the vSphere Client for Windows because It’s available in all the versions.

    Logging In…

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.43.13

    Check Install this certificate and press Ignore:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.43.23

    Now we are in ESXI for the first time… Hurray…

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.47.47

    Now let’s add a Datastorage, wich is a disk formated with the VMFS filesystem, where you are store the Virtual Machines.

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.47.53

    Select the HD you want to use as a Datastore:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.48.32

    Normally people use a dedicated disk as a Datastore, as shown bellow, but you can use a disk with partitions on It, for that just leave some empty space and chose the “Use free space”’option:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.49.30

    chose the size from the available space:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.50.03

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 14.50.07

    And that’s it, you know have a Datastore to store your Virtual Machines

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.20.15

     

    ESXi - Passthrough (IOMMU) Configuration

    First you need to check if you hardware has Passthrough (IOMMU) suport, for that on the vSphere Client, just go to Summary, and check the DirectPath I/O, if you harware suports it it will say “Supported”, like in the picture bellow.

    Screenshot 2016-07-20 12.13.03

    Now that we need to define the hardware that will be available for the virtual machines via passthrough (Grafics Card / USB Ports / Sound Card, etc).

    Go to “Advanced Settings”":

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.23.46

    Select “Configure Passthrough

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.23.55

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.24.35

    Now you have a list of all the hardware that is compatible with Passthrough (I migth take some trial error to find out what each entry represents), in my case you have:

    • SATA II / III Disks Controller (all Sata II or III HardDrives)
    • AMD Grafics Card 1 - ASUS RADEON R5 230
    • AMD Grafics Card 2 - ATI 5540 (you don’t need a second grafics card)
    • USB 3.1 Controller (all USB 3.1 Ports)
    • Intel NIC
    • USB 3 Controller (all USB 3 Ports)
    • Onboard RealTek NIC

    Some of the things that weren’t compatible in my case where

    • Sata I Hard Drives
    • USB 2 Ports
    • Sound Card

    Select the hardware that you want to passthrough to the Desktop VM, I selected:

    • AMD Grafics Card 1 - ASUS RADEON R5 230
    • USB 3.1 Controller (all USB 3.1 Ports)
    • USB 3 Controller (all USB 3 Ports)

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.24.45

    Once selected you have to reboot the ESXI Host in order to make the selection efective:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.25.08

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.25.16

    Now you can start assigning hardware to your VMs.

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.28.23

     

     

    ESXi – HDs Passthrough (Mapping Physical HDs to Virtual)

    You can passthrough you hard drives, the problem is that you either pass all or none, wich means that you will probably pass the disk with the Datastore (where we have the VMs), leaving you without any VMs.

    The alternative solution I found was to map the real hard drives that I wanted onto a virtual representation that I can add to VMs.

    First Step – Gaining Access to the ESXI CLI via SSH

    PHOTO_20160521_001211

    PHOTO_20160521_001442

    Activating the ESXi shell

    PHOTO_20160521_001535

    Activating the SSH access

    PHOTO_20160521_001750

    Restarting the agent

    PHOTO_20160521_001820 

     
    Second Step – Mapping the Physical HDs onto the Virtual Representations

    Connect to the ESXi server via SSH

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 00.56.38

    identify the disks that you want to map to a virtual disk,

    ls -al /vmfs/devices/disks

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 00.57.48

    and save their names:

    t10.ATA_____Hitachi_HDS721010CLA332_______________________JP2911HD0825KC    
    t10.ATA_____WDC_WD10EAVS2D22D7B0__________________________WD2DWCAU45211463
    t10.ATA_____WDC_WD15EADS2D11P8B2__________________________WD2DWMAVU3518099

    Identify the Datastore where you want to save the virtual representations of the physical disks

    ls -al /vmfs/volumes/

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 00.58.38

    I created the folder “Physical_HDs”, to store the virtual representations of the physical disks

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.03.50

    Now we create the virtual representations of the physical disks using the following command:

    vmkfstools -r <source-physical-disk> <destination-virtual-disk>

    in my case:

    vmkfstools -r  /vmfs/devices/disks/t10.ATA_____Hitachi_HDS721010CLA332_______________________JP2911HD0825KC     /vmfs/volumes/DS1_SSD/Physical_HDs/DISK1.vmdk

    vmkfstools -r  /vmfs/devices/disks/t10.ATA_____WDC_WD10EAVS2D22D7B0__________________________WD2DWCAU45211463 /vmfs/volumes/DS1_SSD/Physical_HDs/DISK2.vmdk

    vmkfstools -r  /vmfs/devices/disks/t10.ATA_____WDC_WD15EADS2D11P8B2__________________________WD2DWMAVU3518099 /vmfs/volumes/DS1_SSD/Physical_HDs/DISK3.vmdk

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.05.18

    Let’s check that the virtual disks where created:

    ls -al /vmfs/volumes/DS1_SSD/Physical_HDs

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.05.53

    After we install the Desktop VM we are going to add these virtual disks that represent the physical disks to the Desktop VM.

     

    Desktop VM - Installing Windows with Passthrough

    Let’s create the virtual machine that will become our Desktop.

    This will be a VM with real hardware assingned to it, that will look and fell like a real desktop.

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.28.39

    Select the Datastore where you want to store the VM:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.28.55

    Select the VM OS:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.29.08

    Select the type of virtual NIC (select the E1000 wich emulates a Intel 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet NIC, wich is a very widely suported real NIC), for more information on NICs check the following link:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.29.12

    Create the VM virtual Hard Disk, where you will install the OS

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.29.25

    Add the real hardware to the VM:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.29.42

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.29.50

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.29.57

    Now add the hardware that you want to passthrough,

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.30.03

    my selection:

    • AMD Grafics Card 1 - ASUS RADEON R5 230
    • USB 3.1 Controller (all USB 3.1 Ports)
    • USB 3 Controller (all USB 3 Ports)
    • Onboard RealTek NIC (I selected it but I will be using the virtual interface)

    The real hardware are the devices in bold (New PCI Device ….):

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.30.50

    Now open the console that will show the VM

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 16.35.37

    Start the VM…

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 21.48.29

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 21.49.33

    Select the OS ISO

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 21.49.39

    And after “Operating System not found” press enter one or more times to boot the ISO

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 21.49.44

    Now that the ISO is booting let’s install Windows (in this case Windows 7, but I have also done this with Windows 10).

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 21.57.22

    For the GPU Passthrough to work on the first try, it’s very important that you install VMWare Tools before installing the Graphics Card driver (real grafics card -- real drivers from the vendor)

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 21.58.43

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 21.59.08

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 22.00.18\

    Now that VMWare Tools are installed let’s install the Graffics Card drivers:

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 22.14.05

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 22.14.34

    In the process of installing the Grafics Card drivers the Passthrough started working, and showing the VM on my Desktop Screen.

    Screenshot 2016-05-08 22.17.34

     

     

    Desktop VM - Adding Real HDDs (Virtual Representation)

    Now that we have the Desktop VM with Passthrough let’s add the virtual representation of the physical HDs, that we created before at:

    • ESXi – HDDs Passthrough (Mapping Physical HDs to Virtual)

    Press Add..

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.24.23

    Select Hard Drive

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.24.31

    Select the option to add an existing disk

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.24.38

    Find the virtual disks (I put mine at /vmfs/volumes/DS1_SSD/Physical_HDs)

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.24.54

    add them to them Desktop VM, one by one:

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.25.13

    it should look like this (the bold entries are the new HDs):

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.26.10

    Power the Desktop VM and validate that you physical HDs now show up on the VM:

    Screenshot 2016-05-21 01.35.27-2

     

    Desktop VM - Configuring AutoStart

    Because we want the Desktop VM to be our main Destktop computer we need that it starts automatically with the ESXi Host, otherwise you need another PC just to start the Desktop VM.

    To make the Desktop VM start automatically select “Virtual Machine Startup/Shutdown” and “Properties”:

    Screenshot 2016-05-14 00.17.33

    Activate the Auto Start

    Screenshot 2016-05-14 00.17.38

    And configure it like this:

    Screenshot 2016-05-14 00.17.59

    next time you ESXi Host starts, so will the Desktop VM, giving you a desktop to use and manage ESXi.

     

    Desktop VM - Making The Desktop Hole Again

    At this point I had a fully operation desktop, but there where some things that I coludn’t Passthrough to the Desktop VM as refered before:

    • Sata I Hard Drives
    • USB 2 Ports
    • Sound Card

    the first item I solved by mapping the physical HDs onto their virtual representations and adding them to the VM as existing virtual disks:

    • ESXi – HDs Passthrough (Mapping Physical HDs to Virtual)
    • Desktop VM - Adding Real HDDs (Virtual Representation)

    to compensate the loss of the USB 2 Ports I bougth this card with four USB 3.0 ports on eBay for about 7 USD:

    USB3

    USB 3.0 4-Port Host To PCI-E PCI Card Express
    Expansion Card Adapter Speed 5Gbps

    these where fully compatible with Passthrough.

    Or you can try to attach USB 1 and 2 devices (not ports as above), just follow this tutorial:

    As for the Sound Card I bouth on eBay this usb sound card for about 1 USD, and connected it to a USB 3.0 port:

    s-l1600

    USB 2.0 to 3D Mic Speaker Audio Headset
    Sound Card Adapter 5.1 for PC Laptop E0

     

    but If you want a good usb sound (made in USA) card you should definitely go for this:

     

    image

    Sabrent USB External Stereo Sound Adapter

    For Windows And Mac. Plug And Play No

    It’s about 18 USD on ebay.

    And that’s it, now my Desktop is hole again, nothing is missing… Smile

     

     

    ESXi - Adding The Free ESXi License

    So far I have been doing things with the 60 days trial, this allows you to use all the feautures in VMWare ESXi, which we dont’t need for what we have done here.

    The Free License that we saved when we downloaded the ESXi ISO at:

    • Downloading ESXi and Getting the Free License Key

    is enough.

    If you want to stop the trial and make you ESXi fully licensed with the Free License, go to
    Configuration >> Licensed Features >> Edit

    Screenshot 2016-07-11 23.43.15

    Screenshot 2016-07-11 23.43.50_v2

    Screenshot 2016-07-11 23.44.01_v2

    As you can see now the Licensed Features list now is much smaller:

    Screenshot 2016-07-11 23.44.19

     

    Related Links

    Saturday, July 16, 2016

    Linux - Wifi Configuration (Detailed)

    This guide was tested with Dapper Drake, Feisty Fawn, Gutsy Gibbon, and Hardy Heron.

    Since it appears that very few people take wireless security seriously, I'd like to come up with my first HOWTO and explain how I was able to configure a secure home network using WPA2, the latest encryption & authentication standard. There are also other types of configuration (WPA1, mixed mode, LEAP, PEAP, DHCP, etc.) shown in the appendix. Feedback is much appreciated.

    Common stumbling blocks - Make sure that:

    1. Ethernet cable is unplugged.
    2. No firewall & configuration tool is running (e.g. Firestarter).
    3. MAC filtering is disabled.
    4. NetworkManager, Wifi-Radar & similar wireless configuration tools are disabled/turned off and not in use.
    5. Some cards/drivers (e.g. Madwifi) do not support WPA2 (AES). Try WPA1 (TKIP) if WPA2 secured connections fail.
    6. RTxxx (Ralink) drivers do not support this approach. Either install "ndiswrapper" replacing Serialmonkey's driver or visit this site.
    7. Turn off "roaming" if you repeatedly fail to establish a connection.


    My Requirements:
    1. WPA2 / RSN
    2. AES / CCMP
    3. Hidden ESSID (no broadcast)
    4. Static IP (because I use port forwarding & firewall, etc.)
    5. Pre-shared key (no EAP)
    If you want to know more about WPA / RSN & 802.11i security specification, I recommend this site.


    Now let's get started:


    0. Install "wpa-supplicant":

    sudo apt-get install wpasupplicant

    1. Verify that your network device ("wlan0"?) is working & your wireless network is detected:

    iwconfig

    iwlist scan

    Your network device & wireless network should appear here.


    2. Open "/etc/network/interfaces":

    sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces

    The content should look similar to this:

    auto lo
    iface lo inet loopback
    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp

    3. Now replace the last 2 lines with the following using your own network settings (the sequence in which the lines appear is crucial):

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet static
    address 192.168.168.40
    gateway 192.168.168.230
    dns-nameservers 192.168.168.230
    netmask 255.255.255.0

    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 2
    wpa-proto RSN
    wpa-pairwise CCMP
    wpa-group CCMP
    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK
    wpa-psk
    <your_hex_key> [IMPORTANT: See "WPA-PSK key generation"]

    • auto wlan0:
      Your network interface (e.g. wlan0, eth1, rausb0, ra0, etc.).
    • iface wlan0 inet static:
      Self-explanatory... I am using a Static IP instead of DHCP. "iface wlan0" must correspond to your network interface (see above).
    • address, netmask, [..], dns-nameservers:
      Also self-explanatory... Be aware that "broadcast" needs to end with ".255" for negotiation with the router. These lines need to be according to your own (static) network settings. For DHCP see further below.
    • wpa-driver:
      That's the wpa-driver for your card ('wext' is a generic driver that is applicable when using "ndiswrapper"). Leave it as it is. Other drivers are:

    hostap = Host AP driver (Intersil Prism2/2.5/3)
    atmel = ATMEL AT76C5XXx (USB, PCMCIA)
    wext = Linux wireless extensions (generic)
    madwifi = Atheros
    wired = wpa_supplicant wired Ethernet driver

    • wpa-ssid:
      Your network's ESSID (no quotes "").
    • wpa-ap-scan:
      "1" = Broadcast of ESSID.
      "2" = Hidden broadcast of ESSID.
    • wpa-proto:
      "RSN" = WPA(2)
      "WPA" = WPA(1)
    • wpa-pairwise & wpa-group:
      "CCMP" = AES cipher as part of WPA(2) standard.
      "TKIP" = TKIP cipher as part of WPA(1) standard.
    • wpa-key-mgmt:
      "WPA-PSK" = Authentication via pre-shared key (see 'key generation' further below).
      "WPA-EAP" = Authentication via enterprise authentication server.

     

    VERY IMPORTANT ("WPA PSK Key Generation"):
    Now convert your WPA ASCII password using the following command:

    wpa_passphrase <your_essid> <your_ascii_key>

    Resulting in an output like...

    network={
    ssid="test"
    #psk="12345678"
    psk=fe727aa8b64ac9b3f54c72432da14faed933ea511ecab1 5bbc6c52e7522f709a
    }

    Copy the "hex_key" (next to "psk=...") and replace <your_hex_key> in the "interfaces" files with it. Then save the file and restart your network:

    sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart

    You should be connecting to your router now... However, I figured that a restart is sometimes necessary so that's what I usually do (I know this sounds a bit clumsy - see post #2 for startup script).


    *** Revoking read-permission from ‘others' ***

    sudo chmod o=-r /etc/network/interfaces

     

    *** Revoking read-permission from 'others' ***
    *** Sample configuration WPA2 & DHCP, ESSID broadcast enabled ***

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp
    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 1
    wpa-proto RSN
    wpa-pairwise CCMP
    wpa-group CCMP
    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK
    wpa-psk
    <your_hex_key> [IMPORTANT: See "WPA-PSK key generation"]

     

    *** Sample configuration WPA2 & DHCP, ESSID broadcast enabled ***
    *** Sample configuration WPA1 & DHCP, ESSID broadcast enabled ***

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp
    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 1
    wpa-proto WPA
    wpa-pairwise TKIP
    wpa-group TKIP
    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK
    wpa-psk
    <your_hex_key> [IMPORTANT: See "WPA-PSK key generation"]

     

    *** Sample configuration WPA1 & DHCP, ESSID broadcast enabled ***
    *** Sample configuration mixed mode (WPA1, WPA2) & DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp
    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 1
    wpa-proto WPA RSN
    wpa-pairwise TKIP CCMP
    wpa-group TKIP CCMP
    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK
    wpa-psk
    <your_hex_key> [IMPORTANT: See "WPA-PSK key generation"]

     

    *** Sample configuration mixed mode (WPA1, WPA2) & DHCP, ESSID broadcast*****
    *** Sample conf. LEAP, WEP, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp
    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 1
    wpa-eap LEAP
    wpa-key-mgmt IEEE8021X
    wpa-identity
    <your_user_name>
    wpa-password
    <your_password>

     

    *** Sample conf. LEAP, WEP, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***
    *** Sample conf. PEAP, AES, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp
    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 1
    wpa-proto RSN
    wpa-pairwise CCMP
    wpa-group CCMP
    wpa-eap PEAP
    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-EAP
    wpa-identity
    <your_identity>
    wpa-password
    <your_password>

     

    *** Sample conf. PEAP, AES, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***
    *** Sample conf. TTLS, WEP, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp
    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 1
    wpa-eap TTLS
    wpa-key-mgmt IEEE8021X
    wpa-anonymous-identity
    <anonymous_identity>
    wpa-identity
    <your_identity>
    wpa-password
    <your_password>
    wpa-phase2
    auth=PAP [Also: CHAP, MSCHAP, MSCHAPV2]

     

    *** Sample conf. TTLS, WEP, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***
    *** NOT TESTED: Sample conf. EAP-FAST, WPA1/WPA2, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ***

    auto wlan0
    iface wlan0 inet dhcp
    wpa-driver wext
    wpa-ssid
    <your_essid>
    wpa-ap-scan 1
    wpa-proto RSN WPA
    wpa-pairwise CCMP TKIP
    wpa-group CCMP TKIP
    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-EAP
    wpa-eap FAST
    wpa-identity
    <your_user_name>
    wpa-password
    <your_password>
    wpa-phase1
    fast_provisioning=1
    wpa-pac-file
    /path/to/eap-pac-file

     

    *** NOT TESTED: Sample conf. EAP-FAST, WPA1/WPA2, DHCP, ESSID broadcast ****
    ***Tested adapters***

    1. Linksys WUSB54G V4 (ndiswrapper; wpa-driver = wext)
    2. Intel IPW2200 (Linux driver; wpa-driver = wext)
    3. Linksys WPC54G (ndiswrapper; wpa-driver = wext)
    4. D-Link WNA-2330 (Linux driver; wpa-driver = madwifi)
    5. Linksys WMP54G V2 (ndiswrapper; wpa-driver = wext)
    6. D-Link WDA-2320 (Linux driver; wpa-driver = madwifi)
    7. Netgear WPN311 (Linux driver; wpa-driver = wext)
    8. Netgear WG511v2 (ndiswrapper; wpa-driver = wext)

     

    *** Tested adapters ***
    *** Post this if you are stumped ***

    # route
    # iwconfig
    # sudo iwlist scan
    # sudo lshw -C network
    # sudo cat /etc/network/interfaces
    # sudo ifdown -v
    <your_interface>

    # sudo ifup -v
    <your_interface>

     

    *** Post this if you are stumped ***
    *** Other useful commands ***

    # Ubuntu version & kernel >> uname -a
    # Root file access >> alt F2 then 'gksudo nautilus' in cli
    # Get IP Address or Renew >> sudo dhclient wlan0 [or whatever your wl adapter is]
    # Get wireless info >> iwconfig
    # Get AP info >> iwlist scan
    # Get wireless info >> iwlist (lots of options will list)
    # Routes if wlan0 working >> route
    # DNS resolving via eth1 >> cat /etc/resolv.conf
    # List devices/modules >> lspci, lsusb, lshw, lsmod
    # Restart network >> sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
    # Boot messages >> dmesg
    # Kill NWM >> sudo killall NetworkManager
    # Events from your wl >> iwevent
    # Restart all daemons >> sudo /etc/init.d/dbus restart
    # Restart network >> sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart

     

    Taken From:

    Saturday, July 2, 2016

    Raspberry Pi – Media Server for Streaming (via DLNA)

     

    Here I’m going to quickly show you how to set up you Raspberry Pi as a Media Server for Streaming via DLNA which is a protocol suported in many TVs, Windows PCs (Windows Media Player) and Android Devices (App: Media House).

    ## Install Mini DLNA ##
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install minidlna

    ## Mount The Media Disk ##
    sudo mkdir /media/HD1
    sudo mount /dev/sda1 /media/HD1

    ## Create The MiniDLNA DB Folder ##
    sudo mkdir -p /opt/minidlna
    sudo chmod 777 /opt/minidlna

    ## Edit The MiniDLNA Config File ##
    sudo nano /etc/minidlan.conf

    minidlna.conf - My Config
    ------------------------------------
    media_dir=V,/media/HD1/Movies
    #root_container=B,/media/HD1
    network_interface=eth0
    inotify=yes
    friendly_name=HomePi
    db_dir=/opt/minidlna

    sudo service minidlna force-reload
    sudo service minidlna restart


    minidlna.conf – My Config Detailed
    -------------------------------------------------------
    #################################################
    # Path to the directory you want scanned
    # for media files.
    #
    # This option can be specified more than
    # once if you want multiple directories
    # scanned.
    #
    # If you want to restrict a media_dir to
    # a specific content type, you can prepend
    # the directory name with a letter representing
    # the type (A, P or V),followed by a comma, as so:
    #   * "A" for audio    (eg. media_dir=A,/media/HD1/music)
    #   * "P" for pictures (eg. media_dir=P,/media/HD1/pictures)
    #   * "V" for video    (eg. media_dir=V,/media/HD1/videos)
    #   * "PV" for pictures and video
    #  (eg. media_dir=PV,/media/HD1/digital_camera)
    #################################################
    media_dir=V,/media/HD1/Movies
    NOTE: Use media_dir or root_container

    #################################################
    # Use a different container as the root
    # of the directory tree presented to
    # clients.
    #
    # The possible values are:
    #   * "." - standard container
    #   * "B" - "Browse Directory"
    #   * "M" - "Music"
    #   * "P" - "Pictures"
    #   * "V" - "Video"
    #   * Or, you can specify the ObjectID
    #     of your desired root container
    #     (eg. 1$F for Music/Playlists)
    #
    # If you specify "B" and the client
    # device is audio-only then "Music/Folders"
    # will be used as root.
    ###########################################
    #root_container=B,/media/HD1

    #################################################
    # Network interface(s) to bind to
    #(e.g. eth0), comma delimited.
    #
    # This option can be specified more than once.
    #################################################
    network_interface=eth0

    #################################################
    # Automatic discovery of new files
    # in the media_dir directory.
    #################################################
    inotify=yes

    #################################################
    # Name that the DLNA server presents to clients.
    # Defaults to "hostname: username".
    #################################################
    friendly_name=HomePi

    #################################################
    # Path to the directory that should
    # hold the database and album art cache
    #################################################
    db_dir=/opt/minidlna
     
     
    Now from you TV or other media device, like Android (use MediaHouse) you can stream
    or download you media, with no config required on the clients, because these automatically
    detect the DLNA server on the LAN.

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